![]() First Letter / Proper Case: Capitalize the first letter of every word.Lowercase: Convert your title from uppercase to lowercase.Uppercase: Convert your title from lowercase to uppercase.Sentence Case: Capitalize only the first word of each sentence.Title Case: Capitalize only the words that should be capitalized according to the top tab style guide.The buttons at the bottom let you choose specific case conversion options for the various styles. Email: Use proper capitalization rules for email.Wikipedia: Use Wikipedia’s capitalization rules.NY Times: Use the NY Times style guidelines.AMA: Use the AMA Manual of Style capitalization rules.BB: Use the Bluebook title capitalization rules.MLA: Use the MLA Handbook title capitalization rules.AP: Use the Associated Press Stylebook capitalization guidelines.Chicago: Capitalize using the Chicago Manual of Style capitalization rules.APA: Capitalize using the APA style guide.You can learn more in the Title Capitalization Rules by Style section. The top tabs allow you to select which style of capitalization you want to use. Below is a description of the ways you can use our case converter. See these steps for creating a hanging indent in Microsoft Word (including Word for Office 365 and for Mac).ĭo not include a period after a DOI or URL, as they will be the last item in a reference and additional punctuation can interfere with retrieval.You have multiple options to capitalize and change the case of your titles, headlines, song titles, book titles, email subjects, and more. Second and all subsequent lines are always indented (a hanging or reverse indent). The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order by authors’ last names. There will be no ampersand (&) in this case. When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors' names, insert an ellipsis, and then add the final author's name. Include the last names and initials for up to and including 20 authors (note: this is a change from the 6th edition). Initials are always used for first and middle names. Suppok, R.H., Lonergan, N., & Bombaro, C.Īuthors' first and middle names are never spelled out in APA style. Names of any subsequent authors are separated by a comma, and the final author is preceded by an ampersand (&). ![]() In each citation, the authors' last names always come first, followed by their initial(s). In subsequent citations, use only the abbreviated form: (Centers for Disease Control, 2019)Īccording to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC, 2019). Use square brackets for the abbreviated format if defining it in a parenthetical citation use parentheses if defining in the sentence itself. If the group or organization has a commonly used abbreviation-such as CDC, WHO, and USDA, for the above examples-define the abbreviation once in the text. Centers for Disease Control, World Health Organization, United States Department of Agriculture, etc.), use the group name and year in the in-text citation. When a group or organization authors a paper (e.g. To cite a publication with two authors, include both authors' last names either within the sentence or in parentheses at the end of the sentence.įor publications with 3 or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation-even the first! While "fire exits provide patrons with escape routes in the case of an emergency, they also provide thieves with multiple exits, many of which are unwatched by staff" (Carey, 2008, p. If the name of the author is not included within the sentence, include the author's name and the publication year at the end of the sentence with the relevant page number(s). See example below.Īccording to Carey (2008), while "fire exits provide patrons with escape routes in the case of an emergency, they also provide thieves with multiple exits, many of which are unwatched by staff" (p. At the end of the quote or paraphrase, include the page number(s) in parentheses. When quoting or paraphrasing an author, begin the sentence by including the author's name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. This pattern is used instead of footnotes or endnotes. In APA Style, quotations and borrowed phrases are indicated as such within the text, with the author's name and page number cited in parentheses.
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